"The sovereign state is a presidential, constitutional republic with an elected legislature. It has 34 provinces, of which five have special status. Jakarta, the country´s capital, ...
is the second-most populous urban area in the world. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, and the eastern part of Malaysia. Other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and India´s Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support a high level of biodiversity.[15] The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, coal, tin, copper, gold, and nickel, while agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices, and rubber.[16] China, the United States, Japan, Singapore, and India are Indonesia´s major trading partners.[17]
The history of the Indonesian archipelago has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. It has been a valuable region for trade since at least the 7th century when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with entities from mainland China and the Indian subcontinent. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign influences from the early centuries and Hindu and Buddhist kingdoms flourished. Muslim traders and Sufi scholars brought Islam,[18][19] while European powers brought Christianity and fought one another to monopolise trade in the Spice Islands of Maluku during the Age of Discovery. Although sometimes interrupted by the Portuguese, French and British, the Dutch were the foremost European power for much of their 350-year presence in the archipelago. In the early 20th century, the concept of "Indonesia" as a nation-state emerged, and independence movements began to take shape.[20] During the decolonisation of Asia after World War II, Indonesia achieved independence in 1949 following an armed and diplomatic conflict with the Netherlands.
Indonesia consists of hundreds of distinct native ethnic and linguistic groups, with the largest—and politically dominant—ethnic group being the Javanese. A shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesia´s national motto, "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika" ("Unity in Diversity" literally, "many, yet one"), articulates the diversity that shapes the country. Indonesia´s economy is the world´s 16th largest by nominal GDP and 7th by GDP at PPP. The country is a member of several multilateral organisations, including the UN,[b] WTO, IMF, G20, and a founding member of Non-Aligned Movement, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, East Asia Summit, Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank, and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation.
^ "Pancasila". U.S. Library of Congress. 3 February 2017. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 5 February 2017.^ Vickers 2005, p. 117.^ Cite error: The named reference ethnologue was invoked but never defined (see the help page).^ Na´im, Akhsan; Syaputra, Hendry (2010). "Nationality, Ethnicity, Religion, and Languages of Indonesians" (PDF) (in Indonesian). Statistics Indonesia (BPS). Archived (PDF) from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.^ "2010 Census: Population by Region and Religion". BPS. 15 May 2010. Retrieved 20 November 2011.^ "UN Statistics" (PDF). United Nations. 2005. Archived (PDF) from the original on 31 October 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2007.^ "World Population Prospects: The 2017 Revision". ESA.UN.org (custom data acquired via website). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. Retrieved 10 September 2017.^ "Jumlah dan Distribusi Penduduk". BPS. May 2010. Retrieved 13 April 2018.^ "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019". IMF.org. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 26 February 2019.^ a b "Human Development Indices and Indicators: 2018 Statistical update" (PDF). United Nations Development Programme. 15 September 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 September 2018. Retrieved 15 September 2018.^ "16,000 Indonesian islands registered at UN". The Jakarta Post. 21 August 2017. Archived from the original on 30 November 2018. Retrieved 3 December 2018.^ "Indonesia – The Next Major Oil Importer?". Seeking Alpha. 10 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2017.^ Ricklefs 2001, p. 379.^ "Highest population, island". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 6 June 2017.^ Salikha, Adelaida (29 January 2018). "Meet The 10 Megadiverse Countries In The World". SEAsia. Archived from the original on 8 February 2018. Retrieved 8 February 2018.^ "Indonesia". The Observatory of Economic Complexity. 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2019.^ Workman, Daniel (26 December 2017). "Indonesia´s Top Trading Partners". World´s Top Exports. Archived from the original on 25 February 2018. Retrieved 25 February 2018.^ Burhanudin, Jajat; van Dijk, Kees (31 January 2013). "Islam in Indonesia: Contrasting Images and Interpretations". Amsterdam University Press. Retrieved 17 November 2016 – via Google Books.^ Lamoureux, Florence (2003). "Indonesia: A Global Studies Handbook". ABC-CLIO Corporate. Retrieved 17 November 2016 – via Google Books.^ Robert Elson, The idea of Indonesia: A history (2008) pp 1–12Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page)." - (en.wikipedia.org 16.09.2019)
